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BÀI TỔNG QUAN Số phát hành: Số 123 - 2026 TIM MẠCH CAN THIỆP

Can thiệp động mạch vành qua da tổn thương vôi hoá: Cập nhật bằng chứng 2026 và kinh nghiệm lâm sàng tại Việt Nam

Xuất bản: tháng 10 30, 2026
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Tóm tắt

Vôi hoá động mạch vành luôn là thách thức đối với can thiệp động mạch vành qua da (percutaneous coronary intervention, PCI) do nhiều biến chứng như khó đưa dụng cụ qua tổn thương, stent dễ nở không hoàn toàn và tiên lượng dài hạn kém hơn. Bài tổng quan này cập nhật các bằng chứng lâm sàng cho đến thời điểm hiện tại 2026, tập trung vào các thử nghiệm ngẫu nhiên, đồng thuận chuyên gia và phân tích gộp, đồng thời trình bày kinh nghiệm khoan phá vôi hoá tại Viện Tim mạch Việt Nam. Dữ liệu hiện có ủng hộ việc dùng hình ảnh trong lòng mạch để đánh giá tổn thương, chọn nhóm thiết bị theo hình thái vôi hoá và kiểm tra mức độ chuẩn bị tổn thương trước khi đặt stent. Siêu âm trong lòng mạch (IVUS) và chụp cắt lớp quang học (OCT) bổ sung cho nhau khi đánh giá cung vôi, chiều dài, độ dày vôi và nốt vôi hoá. Thử nghiệm ECLIPSE cho thấy Orbital Athrectomy dùng thường quy không mang lại lợi ích ở những tổn thương mà cả hai chiến lược đều thực hiện được; ngược lại, CALIPSO và BALI cho thấy lợi ích của chuẩn bị tổn thương theo hình ảnh học như OCT và lithotrypsi. Nghiên cứu Viện Tim mạch, Bệnh viện Bạch Mai, khoan phá mảng xơ vữa bằng rotablator ở 35 bệnh nhân (36 tổn thương) đạt thành công thủ thuật 97,2%, không có thủng mạch hay kẹt mũi khoan và không có biến cố tim mạch chính sau 3 tháng; nhịp chậm thoáng qua và tụt huyết áp là các biến cố thường gặp nhất. Phần lớn lợi ích của các thiết bị biến đổi vôi mới dừng ở chỉ số thủ thuật và hình ảnh; dữ liệu về giảm tử vong và nhồi máu cơ tim còn hạn chế. Những vấn đề cần giải quyết tiếp theo gồm thống nhất tiêu chí chuẩn bị tổn thương đạt yêu cầu, cách phối hợp từng loại thiết bị cho mỗi người bệnh và kết quả lâm sàng dài hạn.

Từ khóa
vôi hoá động mạch vành can thiệp động mạch vành siêu âm trong lòng mạch chụp cắt lớp quang học Rotablator Lithotripsi

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Tác giả

Nguyễn Ngọc Quang: Hệ thống Y tế Vinmec; Nguyễn Hữu Tuấn: Viện Tim mạch Việt Nam, Bệnh viện Bạch Mai; Phạm Nhật Minh: Trường Đại học Y Hà Nội; Lê Văn Đạt: Viện Tim mạch, Bệnh viện 19-8, Bộ Công an; Phan Đình Nghĩa: Viện Tim mạch, Bệnh viện 19-8, Bộ Công an; Phạm Mạnh Hùng: Trường Đại học Y Hà Nội;
Can thiệp động mạch vành qua da tổn thương vôi hoá: Cập nhật bằng chứng 2026 và kinh nghiệm lâm sàng tại Việt Nam

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Số phát hành Số 123 - 2026
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Chủ sở hữu bản quyền 2026 Tạp chí Tim mạch học Việt Nam