Abstract
Cardiogenic shock is a severe clinical condition and a common cause of mortality in cardiovascular diseases. Despite advancements in diagnostic tools, the short-term mortality rate of cardiogenic shock remains high and has not significantly improved. Recent progress in the management, stratification, and treatment of cardiogenic shock has highlighted the practical role of the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) shock classification, hemodynamic assessment (both invasive and non-invasive), the role of novel biomarkers, and the application of machine learning in early prediction of shock progression.
The SCAI shock classification provides a useful common language but remains limited by its subjectivity. Therefore, the current trend is to supplement it with quantitative indices and continuous clinical/paraclinical monitoring (e.g., lactate, pH, and hemodynamic changes within 24 hours). Biomarkers such as cDPP3, adrenomedullin, and machine learning models show promise in enhancing early detection and risk stratification but require real-world validation. Temporary mechanical circulatory support (tMCS) devices should be used selectively rather than implemented broadly.